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Heteranthery is thought to reflect a division of labor, with some anthers serving a pollinator-feeding function and others serving a pollinating function. Mutualism theory predicts that each participant should try to maximize the benefit it receives from its partner: plants should allocate more pollen to pollination, and pollinators should collect more pollen. Accordingly, plant and pollinator may...
Pollinators frequently use complex motor routines to find and extract floral rewards. Studies of pollinators foraging for nectar rewards indicate these routines are typically learned, and that constraints associated with learning and memory give pollinators incentive to continue foraging on these flowers. However, plants offer rewards besides nectar, including pollen, lipids and essential oils. In...
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