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Various kinds of voltage equalizers have been proposed in order to preclude negative impacts of partial shading issues in photovoltaic (PV) systems. However, in addition to a converter to control a PV string, a voltage equalizer needs to be installed in a PV system, increasing the system complexity and cost. In this paper, a PWM converter integrating a switched capacitor (SC) voltage equalizer for...
In small satellite development, building and testing batteries that comprise several small commercial off-the-shelf lithium-ion cells is cumbersome due to the need for mounting tests to ensure that batteries can withstand the harsh space environment. Space-qualified lithium-ion cells are available but they are too large for small satellites; one space-qualified cell is sufficient to power a whole...
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