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<para> Based on photonic vector modulation (PVM) techniques, several novel schemes are proposed to generate 4-ary amplitude shift keying (4-ASK), 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM), and 16-ary amplitude shift keying (16-ASK) signals at microwave/millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band. First, a 4-ASK signal generation architecture based on dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulators (MZMs) with unequal...
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