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The global positioning system (GPS) is one of the most important and useful technologies that has been developed. The propagated wireless signals along GPS channel are affected by the ionospheric electron density irregularities, so the GPS signals may experience amplitude and phase fluctuations. The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) ionospheric scintillation and total electron content (TEC)...
GPS has diverse application in current globalized world, its application has pervasive benefits not only to navigation and positioning, it is pivotal in industries like logistics, shipping, financial services and agriculture. Since the decision to shut down the Selectivity Availability (SA) by former U.S. President, Bill Clinton, ionospheric effect is now the primary concern of error contributing...
Simple stochastic model is normally used in GPS positioning by making assumption that all GPS observables are statistical independent and of the same quality. By the above assumption, similar variance is assigned indiscriminately to all of the measurements. A more detail stochastic model considering specific effects affecting each observable individually may be approached such as the ionospheric effect...
In order to construct the highway networks, the road tunnels become an inevitable deign to accommodate physical environment elements (e.g., mountains and rivers) in the world. For the recent constructed tunnels, the communication system within the tunnel is planed and designed ahead of time. However, the cost to build and maintain a complete communication system for existing tunnels may not be a cost...
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