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The main components in bio-oil behave differently during the thermal treatment in water or in methanol. Water cannot stabilize the aromatics in bio-oil. Consumption of the aromatics with mono-ring and two fused benzene rings and the formation of the aromatics with three or more fused benzene ring aromatics were observed during the thermal treatment in water. In methanol, the fluorescence intensities...
This study aims to investigate the changes in char structure during the pyrolysis in N2 and subsequent gasification in air at low temperature in a thermogravimetric analyser. The chars produced from the gasification of Loy Yang brown coal in 15% H2O balanced with CO2 at 850 °C in a fluidised-bed/fixed-bed reactor were used in this work. The evolution of char structure during pyrolysis and in-situ...
This study aims to investigate the structural features of nascent char. Two nascent chars were prepared from the pyrolysis of Loy Yang brown coal and Collie sub-bituminous coal in a wire-mesh reactor by heating at 1000Ks−1 to 600°C. Structural changes in nascent chars were investigated by reheating the chars in N2 at low temperatures (≤600°C) followed by subsequent gasification in O2/N2 mixtures at...
The interactions in the “lignite-surfactant” system were studied with the aim of disclosing the mechanism of the decrease in hydrophilicity of lignite using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The inhibiting efficiency in the hydrophilicity of lignite by CTAB was studied by measuring the wetting heat using a Calvet calorimeter. The adsorption of CTAB to organic content and mineral matter was analyzed,...
This study is focused on the effects of char structure and alkali and alkaline earth metallic (AAEM) species on the changes in char-O2 reactivity for a Western Australian Collie sub-bituminous coal. The char samples used in this study were acquired from the partial gasification of the sub-bituminous coal in a fluidised-bed/fixed-bed reactor in pure CO2, 15% H2O balanced with Ar and a mixture of 15%...
Char is used directly as a catalyst for the catalytic reforming of tar during gasification. Experiments have been carried out to examine the effects of inorganics in char as a catalyst for the catalytic reforming of tar during the gasification of mallee wood, corn stalk and wheat straw in a pilot plant. The char catalyst was prepared from the pyrolysis of mallee wood at a fast heating rate. The catalytic...
Accurate models of gas transport in shale gas reservoirs must consider complex gas transport mechanisms and phase behavior in nanopores, as well as different pore types. The gas transport mechanisms in shale gas reservoirs include viscous flow, Knudsen diffusion, surface diffusion, adsorption and desorption. In this study, a unified model of nanopore gas transport in shale gas reservoirs is presented...
Sweet sorghum, with its multi-platform of resources of starch, sugar and cellulose, is considered a very promising energy crop to produce bioethanol. In this study, bioethanol production of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pretreated sweet sorghum bagasse without solid substrate washing was investigated. The results showed that direct enzymatic saccharification and ethanol fermentation of NaOH pretreated solid...
Coal combustion is a predominant anthropogenic source of atmospheric mercury emissions. The oxidation and adsorption on the surface of fly ashes are crucial to mercury control. In this study, we discussed the mercury adsorption/oxidation mechanisms on the surface of fly ashes and different roles of organic and inorganic compositions based on the experimental results of a fixed-bed reactor and temperature...
Sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide are used to improve enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Compared to NaOH, less carbohydrates was lost in Ca(OH)2 pretreatment. It was found that the substrates with similar lignin content prepared from NaOH and Ca(OH)2 pretreatments had distinct cellulose conversion rate. To understand the mechanism of action, two sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) samples with...
The purpose of this study is to investigate the structural changes in nascent chars during the gasification of two low-rank coals in CO2 at 1000°C and 1200°C. Western Australian Collie sub-bituminous coal and Victorian Loy Yang brown coal were heated up at 1000Ks−1 in He/CO2 in a wire-mesh reactor. FT-Raman spectroscopy was applied to understand the key structural features of nascent chars. For comparison,...
The structural evolution of nascent chars during the fast pyrolysis of a wood and two low-rank coals was investigated in this study. Western Australian Collie sub-bituminous coal, Victorian Loy Yang brown coal and Western Australian mallee wood were pyrolysed in a wire-mesh reactor that is capable of providing rapid heating rates (up to 5000Ks−1) and accurate holding time (in increments of 10ms) at...
Supported ionic liquid catalysts with different loading of [Bmim]FeCl4 embedded in silica gel were synthesized and characterized. The results demonstrated that ionic liquid [Bmim]FeCl4 was embedded in the silica gel successfully with no destruction to its structure. The amount of [Bmim]FeCl4 was decreased sharply in the extractive coupled with catalytic oxidative desulfurization (ECODS) system. The...
The influences of nonionic surfactant on interfacial properties of anionic–nonionic surfactant against alkanes are studied by measuring the dynamic interfacial tension (IFT). The surfactants chosen are fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene carboxylate (C 12 EO 3 C) and fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene (C 12 E 3 ) with various counterions, Na + , Mg 2+ , and Ca...
This study aims to investigate the roles of char in the in situ destruction of tar during the volatile–char interactions. Rice straw and water/acid-washed rice straw samples were pyrolysed at 850°C with controlled extents of volatile–char interactions in a fluidised-bed/fixed-bed reactor. Our results indicate that the amount of tar decreases significantly with increasing extent of volatile–char interactions...
Char structure is one of the important factors influencing the char reactivity during gasification. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of gasification atmosphere and temperature on the changes of char structure during gasification. In this study, a Collie sub-bituminous coal from Western Australia was gasified in a fluidised-bed/fixed-bed reactor at 800–900°C in three gasification...
During combustion of pulverized coals, most of the mercury (Hg) in coal volatilizes. With the wide use of dry and wet scrubber systems for flue gas desulfurization (FGD), various amounts of Hg are captured by coal combustion byproducts, such as, FGD gypsum. The specification of Hg in FGD gypsum is essential not only to determine the risk when the wastes are recycled or disposed but also to understand...
Steam reforming of bio-oils is a viable way to produce syngas, but certain challenges need to be overcome before its commercial application. One of the main issues is the formation of tar and coke. Investigation of the evolution/formation of aromatic structures in steam reforming is an effective way to understand the mechanism of tar/coke formation. In this study, the pyrolysis, steam reforming and...
We report herein on the catalytic upgrading of crude oil, produced from the hydrothermal liquefaction of Chlorella pyrenoidosa over platinum on gamma alumina (Pt/γ-Al 2 O 3 ) in supercritical water (SCW) at 400°C for 1h. We determined the influence of catalyst loading (varied from 0 to 40wt.%), water density (varied from 0 to 0.1g/cm 3 ), and formic acid (HCOOH) loading (varied...
The percentage of mercury that is removed in currently used air pollution control devices (APCDs) depends on the speciation in the flue gas exhausting from the coal combustor. Bench-scale measurements were carried out in the flue gas from combustion of different types of coal in a drop-tube furnace set-up to better understand the formation process of three mercury species, i.e. Hg 0 , Hg ...
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