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Transmission loadability is decided by thermal and protective constraints. In stressed states, such as voltage depression, the relay loadability may replace the thermal loadability, leading to undesirable relay operation and cascading events. In this paper, the operation margins of overload, overcurrent, and underimpedance constraints are quantified. The sensitivity model of the transmission loadability...
Low-frequency power swings during contingencies and loads surges may undesirably activate impedance relays on transmission lines, and enlarge the blackouts. In this paper, the operation condition of zone 3 impedance relays (mho relays) during unstable low-frequency power swings is newly described by a polynominal function to quantify the critical swing angles and frequency with different relay setting...
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