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NASA planetary protection regulations state that a surface may be considered "sterile" if a microbial burden of less than 300 aerobic bacterial spores per square meter can be further treated to achieve a 10 4 fold reduction in viable endospores (spores). The results of previous studies have suggested that surfaces might be cleaned to a level that is essentially sterile. Here, we report the...
NASA continuously monitors spacecraft surfaces to assure a very low presence of bacterial endospores upon landing on the surface of Mars. In order to meet the rigid schedules of spacecraft assembly, a more rapid, sensitive spore detection assay is being considered as an alternate method to the current three-day NASA standard culture-based assay. The millipore microstar rapid system (RMDS) has been...
A programme for the development of advanced triple-junction space solar cells in Europe was initiated and supported by ESA and DLR. RWE Space Solar Power (D) has been leading a research and development consortium including UMICORE (B), CESI (I) with ENE (B), University of Paris (F), FhG-ISE (D) and Astrium (D). This paper presents results of the phase 2 work of this programme, in which triple junction...
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