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Biotic interactions are central to the development of theory and concepts in community ecology; experimental evidence has shown their strong effects on patterns of population and community organization and dynamics over local spatial scales. The role of competition in determining range limits and preventing invasions at biogeographic scales is more controversial, partly because of the complexity...
Besides the well‐documented behavioural changes induced by predators on prey, predator‐induced stress can also include a suite of biochemical, neurological and metabolic changes that may represent important energetic costs and have long‐lasting effects on individuals and on the demography of prey populations. The rapid transmission of prey behavioural changes to lower trophic levels, usually associated...
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