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Deer expansion is a growing concern for forest ecosystem management. In Japan, upward expansion to subalpine and alpine areas has reached alarming proportions in recent years. We examined bark stripping by sika deer along an altitudinal gradient in the subalpine coniferous forest at three altitude ranges (1800–2000m, 2000–2200m, and 2200–2400m) on the southern slope of Mt. Fuji. We tested differences...
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