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In recent past, the exponential growth in data rate demands have led to network operators constantly upgrading their network infrastructure in order to keep up with the demand. While the trends for data rate requirements are expected to continue in the future, mobile networks as part of evolution towards fifth generation (5G) are also expected to support new services, use cases and industry verticals,...
In this paper, we investigate optimal control of cell discontinuous transmission (DTX) for small cells in heterogeneous cellular networks (HetNets). The small cell transmission activity is dynamically orchestrated in a centralized way to jointly minimize the power consumption of Radio Access Network (RAN) and backhaul (BH), while at the same time satisfying user Quality of Service (QoS) constraints...
The 5th generation of mobile networks is envisioned to unify different access types under one system in order to enable efficient and performant operations. We propose a radio network architecture for tight integration of multiple radio access technologies supporting traffic steering, link selection, and aggregation of traffic flows from and to different sources. This enables the radio network architecture...
This chapter provides an introduction on the green communications and energy efficiency in telecommunication systems considering the origins of the problem and indicating the main motivations. It additionally provides an overview of energy efficiency in telecommunication systems highlighting past and present innovations and demonstrating the evolution of the green communications field. An overview...
This book provides a comprehensive view of green communications considering all areas of ICT including wireless and wired networks. It analyses particular concepts and practices, addressing holistic approaches in future networks considering a system perspective. It makes full use of tables, illustrations, performance graphs, case studies and examples making it accessible for a wide audience.
This paper focuses on the practical implementation of a Cloud-RAN architecture in the context of future 5G systems, with particular emphasis on different aspects of the functional split between the cloud platform and the radio access points. First, we provide a comprehensive overview of implementation aspects and how different hardware options impact the implementation of RAN functionality. We further...
In a centralized or cloud radio access network, certain portions of the digital baseband processing of a group of several radio access points are processed at a central data center. Centralization improves the flexibility, scalability, and utilization of computational assets. However, the performance depends critically on how the limited data processing resources are allocated to serve the needs of...
In this paper, we consider the use of heterogeneous networks with close integration between the cells, using dual connectivity and fiber optic backhaul. The energy efficiency of such a network is evaluated in comparison with some of the existing traffic offloading mechanisms. We try to enhance the mechanisms taking the system energy efficiency, and user quality of experience based on the offloaded traffic...
Very dense deployments of small cells are one of the key enablers to tackle the ever-growing demand on mobile bandwidth. In such deployments, centralization of RAN functions on cloud resources is envisioned to overcome severe inter-cell interference and to keep costs acceptable. However, RAN back-haul constraints need to be considered when designing the functional split between RAN front-ends and...
In this paper, we present a novel small cell activation mechanism for heterogeneous networks, which considers the energy saving gains obtained based on the amount of traffic load offloaded from the macro cell to small cells, while avoiding UE QoS degradation. The main idea is to offload traffic to small cells in energy saving mode, only when there is significant energy saving gains achievable from...
Voice over LTE (VoLTE) is crucial for mobile network operators in order to avoid falling back to 3G or 2G for voice services. Since VoLTE uses IP as transport protocol, RObust Header Compression (ROHC) is a mandatory feature to reduce header overhead and transport efficiency. ROHC defines two different bidirectional modes -- (R)eliable and (O)ptimistic -- with significant differences in implementation...
Mobile operators are facing increasing energy prices to operate their networks. At the same time, the demand for broadband wireless access is steadily increasing, driven by the success of smart phones and new services like machine-to-machine communication. In this paper we propose and evaluate a novel asymmetric user assignment scheme, which enables operators to save energy, while satisfying the capacity...
With the introduction of 4th generation mobile networks, applications such as high-quality video streaming to the end user becomes possible. However, the expected demand for such services outpaces the capacity increase of the networks. Since there is mostly a capacity bottleneck in the air interface between a base station and user equipment, one of the main challenges for radio resource management...
Implementing a flexible and modular architecture for scheduled systems will speed-up the deployment of novel and adjustable MACs for cellular systems. Such an architecture will be of great benefit for researchers, vendors and operators by enabling off-the-shelf devices to be used for testing modified MACs, by allowing fast upgrade of existing devices, and by drastically reducing the time-to-market...
Key incentives for mobile operators to offer femtocell services are the possibilities to cost-efficiently enhance indoor coverage and to offload traffic from the macro-cellular network. While femtocells were originally conceived for standalone deployments in user homes, there is an increasing interest in exploiting their advantages also in an enterprise context. However, with the current architecture...
The future 4th generation IMT-Advanced standards for 3GPP and IEEE 802.16 are LTE-A and IEEE 802.16m, respectively. While at a detailed level IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-A seem to be significantly different, on a conceptual and functional level both technologies use similar approaches for medium access and radio resource management and are very similar at the PHY layer. In this paper, we analyse both...
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