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A simple polarization-independent liquid-crystal Fresnel lens is developed using the surface-mode switching of 90?? twisted-nematic liquid crystals (TN-LCs). In the surface-mode switching of LCs, the major reorientation of LCs occurs near the substrates. Optical calculations indicate that 90?? TN-LCs are polarization-independent under surface-mode switching, when the applied voltage exceeds four times...
Mixed gels of konjac (1%, 2%) and gellan gum (0.25%, 0.5%) were incorporated into reduced-fat (18%) frankfurters and compared with reduced-fat and high-fat (28%) controls for physicochemical, textural, sensory properties and storage stability. C28 (control at 28% fat) had the highest (P<0.05) lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) values but the lowest redness (a*). C28 had the lowest textural hardness,...
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