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This paper presents a modular approach to the design and implementation of a power and energy management system (PEMS) for electric vehicles (EV). The model EV is powered by dual energy sources, consisting of batteries and ultracapacitors. Operation of the PEMS has been structured into modular hierarchical process shells. The energy management shell (EMS) handles the longer-term decisions of energy...
This paper offers a new design-oriented approach to address implementation issues associated with a power and energy management policy for an electric vehicle (EV) powered by a dual-sourced system. A special sequential decision process, which determines the power split ratio and reference energy levels of the dual battery-ultracapacitor sources, has been formulated as a state transition mechanism...
This paper offers a new design-oriented approach to address implementation issues associated with a power and energy management policy for an electric vehicle (EV) powered by a dual-sourced system. A special sequential decision process, which determines the power split ratio and reference energy levels of the dual battery-ultracapacitor sources, has been formulated as a state transition mechanism...
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