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Background. Various wrestling activities have been practiced all around the world by most societies and cultures throughout the ages. In the Far East, Japanese sumō and Mongolian wrestling are well-known, but this article intends to investigate the origins and transformation of the lesser known wrestling culture of Korea. At least in terminology, most Korean researchers acknowledge Korean wrestling’s...
Background. A couple of earlier studies described the rule and scoring equipment modification issues of the World Taekwondo (WT) competition system, initiated after the turn of the millennium as a result of multiple scandals and irregularities concerning match- fixing, lack of transparency, and nepotism in taekwondo institutions. Moreover, taekwondo matches were generally perceived as not being interesting...
Background. In early taekwondo training, during the late 1940s and 1950s, the forms (a solo-performance of a practitioner of a sequence of movements) used in training consisted mostly of Japanese karate kata; however, during the 1960s, a variety of new forms, and sets of forms, were developed to escape the karate association. Subsequently, during the early 1970s, the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA)...
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