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Power grids have traditionally been planned and operated to withstand without resulting in cascading events transmission outage contingencies of the N-1 or N-2 kind. However, in actual operation, power grids are potentially vulnerable to cascading outages. Reliable operations therefore require a risk-based approach to monitoring and managing the probability and impact of potential cascading outages...
The concept of holistic planning is necessary to ensure that today's electric power system will evolve with changing conditions to maintain adequate system reliability, achieve maximum economic efficiencies, and produce acceptable environmental impacts. Particularly, the challenge in transmission planning requires the concept of holistic planning to plan for the system operation in the whole operating...
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