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A facile protocol to prepare CMC/CNC suspensions with high yield of CNCs is presented, where CMC was used in combination with mechanical shearing to promote delamination of the cellulose fiber wall. The maximum yield of CNCs in the CMC/CNC suspension was 41.6%. Compared with a purely mechanical method, the yield of CNCs has been increased by 103%. The diameter and length of the obtained CNCs were...
Cellulose nanomaterials have properties that make them renewable materials of choice for various applications. However, the utilization of concentrated alkaline, acids, oxidizing or reducing agents in their production presents significant challenges to the environment. To mitigate this challenge and ensure the efficient industrialization of cellulose nanomaterials, lignocellulose nanofibers (LCNFs)...
Cellulose nanosheets similar to those obtained by milling with silicone oil (Zhao et al. in Cellulose 23:2809–2818, 2016) were obtained by mild additive-free milling followed by dispersion in ethanol. Typical nanosheets were of 4 nm thickness, possibly formed by monolayer association of elementary fibrils. The thickness decreased with prolonged milling to 2 nm or less, and the thinnest sheets observed...
Due to energy crisis and environmental pollution, biopolymer-based packaging materials have been extensively investigated. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), due to their good oxygen barrier performance and excellent mechanical as well as film-forming properties, have emerged as interesting packaging materials. However, the problem of the resulting films is the highly hygroscopic character of the cellulose...
Mechanochemistry is a rapidly developing field in organic chemistry and materials processing. Its application to cellulose has not been abundant, but is giving rise to important discoveries after ca. 2010. Here the works on mechanochemical processing of cellulose and related substances are reviewed under classification of reaction types: saccharification, esterification, radical reactions, decrystallization/nano-dispersion...
The nanoscale structural changes of crystalline cellulose by mechanical milling was studied by high-resolution microscopy (AFM, SEM, TEM). We examined influence of environment [dry, water, silicone oil (PDMS)] on cellulose milling, finding their characteristic effects on microscopic morphology of the products. Dry milling of cellulose gave aggregated globular particles with fast decrystallization...
Ball mill-assisted surface-fluorination of cellulose nanofiber was studied for two solvents with different polarity as dispersion/reaction medium. Milling cellulose in neat toluene gave irregular-shaped decrystallized cellulose particles; addition of pentafluorobenzoyl chloride (PFBC) to the system gave partially fluorinated cellulose as thin flakes with smooth surfaces, which maintained original...
Dry ball milling of graphite with cellulose and related polysaccharides was found effective for exfoliation-dispersion of graphene-like carbon. The exfoliation behavior was found to depend strongly on the polymer species; namely, polysaccharides are much more effective than thermoplastic polymers. The compression-molded slabs from co-milled powder with cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose showed an...
Hydrothermal treatment of nano-structured wood, prepared by precision grinding, with cationic silver was found to give silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) of 2–40-nm size range embedded in the wood tissue. The size and distribution of Ag NPs depended strongly on the starting silver ion concentration and reaction temperature. Higher temperature tended to give larger size and wider distribution. The obtained...
Aqueous swelling pretreatment of cellulose was found highly effective for reactive ball milling to prepare surface-esterified cellulose nanofibers. Compared with starting from dry cellulose, water- or 2 % NaOH-pre-swollen materials were esterified and dispersed in significantly shorter milling time. Especially commercial kraft pulp was difficult to disperse even with water pretreatment, but 2 % NaOH...
The highly crystalline β-chitin from diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii was esterified via intercalation with succinic anhydride followed by simple heating, maintaining the original crystalline order. Due to the introduced free carboxyl groups, the chitin ester crystal showed ion exchange ability for metal cations in aq. solution. Heavy metal cations such as Pb2+ bound to the β-chitin succinate gave...
Xyloglucan has a cellulose backbone with branched (1→6)-α-xylose or (1→2)-β-galactoxylose as a side chain. Its aqueous solution yields a gel by adding alcohol. The gel structure of xyloglucan ID various kinds of mono- or polyhydric alcohol/water systems was studied by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The gelation behavior ID strongly dependent on the type of alcohol. The SAXS from gel with monohydric...
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