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Two independently developed mathematical models (GALES and HWIND) for predicting the critical wind speed and turning moment needed to uproot and break the stems of coniferous trees were compared and the results tested against field data on the forces experienced by forest trees and the wind speeds required to damage them. The GALES model calculates the aerodynamic roughness and zero-plane displacement...
Model computations were made on the critical combination of snow loading and windspeed for snow damage of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) and birch sp. (Betula sp.) at the newly formed stand edge with varying tree height and stem taper using the model developed by H. Peltola, S. Kellomäki and H. Väisänen (1996, HWIND: A Mechanistic Model for Wind and Snow Damage...
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