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DQPSK has shown that multilevel modulation formats can enable new possibilities in optical communication systems. The paper presents several options to go to even more advanced formats using direct detection.
Multilevel modulation formats are used as the enabling technology to obtain 120 Gbit/s per channel bit rates, and 240 Gbit/s when polarisation multiplexing is added. Using OTDM, this can be extended even further.
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