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Due to the low cost, small size, and easy control, the switched-capacitor (SC) equalizer is promising among all types of active cell balancing methods. However, the balancing speed is generally slow and the balancing efficiency is seriously low when the SC equalizer is applied into a long battery string. Therefore, an automatic switched-coupling-capacitor equalizer (SCCE) is proposed, which can realize...
A delta-structured switched-capacitor equalizer (DSSCE) is proposed to achieve the automatic any-cells-to-any-cells (AC2AC) balancing for a long battery string, leading to the fast-speed and high-efficiency balancing. Only two switches are required for each battery cell, and one capacitor is set for any two cells, materializing the delta-structured switched capacitors (SC). All MOSFETs are triggered...
A series of star-structured switched-capacitor equalizers (SSSCEs) are proposed to achieve high balancing speed and efficiency independent of the cell number and the cell voltage distribution without significant influences on the size, cost, control, and reliability compared with the classical switched-capacitor equalizer (CSCE). The proposed topologies use the least MOSFETs and capacitors to achieve...
The great number of power modules (PMs) imposes great computational challenge on the voltage balancing of modular multilevel converter (MMC) as the sorting of the PM capacitor voltages is usually adopted. This paper presents a distributed control method for PM capacitor voltage balancing in MMC. With this method, all PMs in one arm are grouped and the sorting algorithm of the voltage balancing in...
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