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An improved nucleation method was used to fabricate high performance multicrystalline ingots with small grains. The objective of the technology is to reduce the generation of defects having high recombination activity. The crystal growth recipe, the hot zone design, and the nucleating method were improved. It is shown that wafers with uniformly small grains reach much higher effective carrier lifetimes...
How successfully an improved solar cell concept is transferred to mass production depends not only on the realized cell efficiency, but crucially on the stability of the fabrication process, i.e., on the distribution of the current–voltage (I–V) parameters. To model such distributions, we use three-dimensional (3-D) full-size device simulations of passivated emitter and rear cells (PERCs). The number...
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