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The high luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider, foreseen for 2026, necessitates the replacement of the CMS experiment’s silicon tracker. The innermost layer of the new pixel detector will be exposed to severe radiation, corresponding to a 1 MeV neutron equivalent fluence of up to $$\Phi _{eq} = 2 \times 10^{16}$$ Φ e q = 2 × 10 16 cm $$^{-2}$$ - 2 , and an ionising...
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