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In the surface coal mine, coal is extracted by removing topsoil and overburden above the coal seam layer. The thickness of the coal seam is various, depending on the geological formation of coal sedimentation. In most cases, more than several meters of the seams could exist on the sedimentation of coal. Therefore, during the extraction of coal, the reduction of surface level is unavoidable. As the...
Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is one of the environmental problems caused in mining operation. The exposure of sulfide minerals in rocks to water and oxygen in the excavation process leads to AMD. The cover system has been constructed to prevent AMD in many cases in Indonesia for the availability and low-cost maintenance. Waste rocks are classified into Potentially Acid Forming (PAF), which is sulfur-bearing...
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