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The equilibria and rates of reactions of trace metals in natural waters are affected by their speciation or the form of the metal in the solution phase. Many workers have shown, for example, that biological uptake (Anderson and Morel in Limnol Oceanogr 27:789–813, 1982), the toxicity (Sunda and Ferguson in Trace metals in seawater, Plenum Press, New York, 1983) as well as the solubility (Millero et...
This paper reviews the present status of the Pitzer chemical equilibrium model, which can be used to characterize the one-atmosphere activity coefficients of ionic and non-ionic solutes in natural waters as a function of temperature and ionic strength. The model considers the ionic interactions of the major seasalt ions (H, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Cl, Br, OH, HCO3, B(OH)4, HSO4, SO4, CO3, CO2, B(OH)3,...
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