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There are few equations for underwater communications in the related literature. They show that the speed propagation and absorption coefficient in freshwater are independent of the working frequency of the transmitted signals. However, some studies demonstrate that electromagnetic waves present lower losses when they are working at certain frequencies. In this paper, we perform a set of measurements...
In order to have long distance underwater wireless communications, low frequencies must be used. But the main problem when using low frequencies is the lack of bandwidth to transmit high data rate. Sometimes wireless sensors must be placed quite close for taking more accurate measurements from the water, so higher frequency bands could be used in special cases. In this paper we measure the maximum...
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