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This chapter introduces three areas of waste chlorination: (a) wastewater chlorination, (b) sludge-biosolids chlorination and stabilization, and (c) septage chlorination and stabilization. Each waste chlorination area further covers the subjects of process description, glossary, design considerations, operation considerations, process equipment, process control, design examples, and application examples.
The controlled application of sewage sludge biosolids to cropland by subsurface injection or surface spreading is introduced in this chapter. Specifically, the land application process operation, design criteria, performance, application rates, staffing requirements, process monitoring, sensory observation, normal operating procedures, process control considerations, emergency operating procedures,...
Biosolids are essentially organic materials produced during wastewater treatment which may be put to beneficial use. A popular example of such use is the addition of biosolids to soil to supply nutrients and replenish soil organic matter. Biosolids can be applied on agricultural land, forests, rangelands, or on disturbed land in need of reclamation. Recycling biosolids through land application serves...
In February 1993, United States federal standards for the use or disposal of biosolids (Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations [CFR], Part 503) were enacted. As required by the Clean Water Act Amendments, the United States Environmental Protection Agency developed a new regulation to protect public health and the environment from any reasonably anticipated adverse effects of certain pollutants...
Utilization refers to the beneficial use of biosolids or biosolids by-products. Biosolids may be used as a soil amendment and a source of nutrients, a source of heat and work, and a source of other useful products that include waste treatment chemicals, landfill toppings, industrial raw materials, animal feed, and materials of construction. The following aspects of utilization are discussed: biosolids...
This chapter deals with processes for biosolids dewatering and septage treatment. Septage is the liquid and solid material pumped from a septic tank or cesspool when it is cleaned. A selection of recent methods that show promising applications is presented. These include: Expressor Press, Som-A-System, CentriPress, screw press, Sun Sludge system, wedgewater bed, vacuum assisted bed, reed bed, biosolids...
Vermistabilization, also known as vermicomposting, is a biodegradation process for stabilization of biosolids and organic solid wastes using earthworms. The worms maintain aerobic conditions in the organic substances and accelerate and enhance the biological decomposition of the organic substances. This chapter introduces and reviews the vermistabilization process. The technology development, technical...
The fundamental objective of all wastewater treatment operations is to remove undesirable constituents present in wastewater and consolidate these materials for further processing and disposal. Solids removed by wastewater treatment processes include screenings and grit, naturally floating materials called scum, and the removed solids from primary and secondary clarifiers called sewage sludge. This...
The current, managed process of disposal at sea, practiced by most nations worldwide, is in sharp contrast to practices, extending even as late as 1970, involving indiscriminant dumping, based largely on ignorance and an attitude that the ocean had unlimited resources and an unending capacity to absorb impact. If done in an environmentally acceptable manner, disposal at sea can be an attractive option,...
This chapter presents a methodology for process selection and design of biosolids management systems. Topics discussed include systems approach, process selection logic, approaches to sidestream management, the concept of sizing equipment, contingency planning, and other general design considerations such as energy conservation and cost-effective analysis.
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