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Volcanic eruptions involve high‐speed turbulent flows of gas and magma mixtures in which peak gas velocities often approach 600 m s−1. Such speeds are well in excess of the slow mixture sound speeds of approximately 150 m s−1 predicted by pseudo‐gas theory, in which the gas and magma phases are assumed to be locked to each other; eruptions thus appear to be highly super‐sonic. Indeed, flow in the...
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