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We present theory and experiment quantifying the limitations to stable transport of optical frequencies over optical fiber. These are fundamental fiber noise, propagation delay, bidirectional propagation and system noise in the measurement interferometers.
We transmit a narrow-linewidth cw laser at 1535 nm across 38 km of installed fiber. Through standard Doppler-cancellation techniques, we achieve a residual fractional frequency instability of 4 times 10-17 at 1 second averaging time.
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