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Introduction
Ketamine‐induced cystitis (KIC) is a disease caused by ketamine that can cause lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Its end‐stage is bladder contracture, which is related to bladder fibrosis and poses a serious burden to patient lives.
Methods
We established a KIC model in female Sprague Dawley rats and verified bladder fibrosis in the model by Masson trichrome staining and western...
Aims
To review the descriptors and definitions of urine flow rate curve shape with a view to promoting greater clarity and to propose standard terms
Methods
A search was made in the PubMed and ICS standardization documents on urine flow rate curve shape.
Results
The flow shape descriptors and their definitions are summarized and presented. “Normal” was widely used for describing a bell‐shaped...
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