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INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory impairment and cognitive failure which leads to dementia in aged population. Lots of data indicate glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity as a one of the pathomechanisms responsible for neuronal cell death during the course of AD. AIM(S): In this study, we examined the effect of fingolimod (FTY720‑modulator...
INTRODUCTION: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS) which is neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease of autoimmune origin. Among inflammatory mediators, kinins are bioactive peptides critically involved in regulation of the inflammatory response and vascular permeability. These biological activities of kinins are mediated...
INTRODUCTION: Neurotoxicity of silver nanoparticles has been confirmed in a lot of in vitro and in vivo studies using different experimental models. However, the mechanisms of the toxic action have not been fully clarified. Since nanoparticles have the ability to enter the brain and significantly accumulate in this organ, it is important to investigate their neurotoxic mechanisms. AIM(S): We examined...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been used for several decades as an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating disease. According to the previous studies mammalian central nervous system presents all components of the kallikrein-kinin system. Biological activity of kinin is mediated by two types of G proteinbound receptors – B1 and...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hyperphosphorylation of Tau is involved in the pathomechanism of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Epidemiological data suggest the significance of early life exposure to lead (Pb) in etiology of disorders affecting brain function. However, the precise mechanisms by which Pb exerts neurotoxic effects are not fully elucidated. In this study,...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, neuroinflammatory disease resulting in progressive demyelinization. Glial cells are important players during development of inflammationwithin central nervoussystem.Underinflammatory signals astroglia and microglia change their morphology and up-regulate expression of GFAP and Iba1 proteins, respectively. Both of these cell populations...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most important class of nanomaterials used in a wide range of medical and industrial applications. However, the information about their toxicity to mammalsislimited. The aim of thisstudy was to investigate the effect of oral exposure to AgNPs on brain and liver of rats. The deposition of silver nanoparticles in these organs has been...
The aim of this paper is to examine if pre- and neonatal exposure to lead (Pb) may intensify or inhibit apoptosis or necroptosis in the developing rat brain. Pregnant experimental females received 0.1% lead acetate (PbAc) in drinking water from the first day of gestation until weaning of the offspring; the control group received distilled water. During the feeding of pups, mothers from the experimental...
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model that mimics many aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS). Chronic or relapsing inflammation of the central nervous system results in the destruction of myelin sheath and cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of both MS and EAE. Myelin, oligodendrocytes and neurons are lost due to an inflammatory attack by leukocytes infiltrating...
Silver nanoparticles (NAg) possess antibacterial properties thus are widely used in many applications in medicine, life sciences and biotechnology. Nanoparticles can be found in vertebrate brain, but little is known about their neurotoxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate how NAg can contribute to neuronal cell death. In the study primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells (CGC) were...
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a structure that maintains central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis by isolating it from the normal blood flow. In physiological conditions BBB prevents CNS penetration by blood-derived molecules and is a barrier for the immune system. BBB is built by tight junctions between endothelial cells of microvessels, pericytes, and astroglial end-feets. Pericytes are very important...
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) demonstrate strong antimicrobial activity resulting in their wide-spread use in different applications, including medical ones. Despite of the fact that human exposure to nanosilver is constantly increasing, there is no many research dedicated for investigating their potential neurotoxic effects. Most of the previous studies on mechanisms of nanosilver neurotoxicity have...
Multiple sclerosis is a serious problem of medicine and one of the most frequent reasons of disabilities of young adults. EAE is a commonly used rodent model of MS. In physiological conditions the blood-brain barrier (BBB) maintains CNS homeostasis and prevents uncontrolled inflow of immune cells from the blood circuit. During the development of EAE, damaged BBB fails to protect CNS from autoreactive...
Purinergic ionotropic P2X7 receptor is widely distributed in brain. Strong evidence suggests that this receptor is related to inflammatory and neurodegenerative changes in many pathological states of central nervous system (CNS), including multiple sclerosis (MS). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the commonly used animal model of MS. In this study we investigate the expression of...
Multiple sclerosis is a common neurodegenerative disease with prevalence in Poland about 15 per 10000 people. It is characterized by inflamed lesions in myelin sheaths surrounding axons in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. These changes lead to the damage of axons and, in consequence, to a broad spectrum of neurological symptoms. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the...
Chronic glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity has been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Recent data suggest that inhibition of glutamate neurotransmission via specific interaction with glutamate receptors (GluRs) might be interesting for inhibition of disease progression and early symptomatic treatment in MS. The aim of our investigation was to study the role of...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, neurodegenerative disease which is one of the most frequent reasons of disabilities of young adults and a serious problem for modern medicine due to the unknown etiology. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a commonly used rodent model of MS. EAE is evoked by immunization of female Lewis rats with homogenate of guinea pigs’ spinal cord combined...
In the CNS an intensive communication between neurons and glial cells occurs. Activation of astrocytes is observed under different pathological conditions, including multiple sclerosis, which results in overexpression of number of proteins, like GFAP and S-100β, which is involved in development of infl ammatory reaction. There is a growing number of evidence that different brain pathologies are characterized...
Under different pathological conditions activation of astrocytes of neuroprotective or neurotoxic nature is observed. There is a growing number of evidence that many pathological states of brain are characterized by very early active contribution of astrocytes to neurodegenerative axonal damage. Astroglia posses defense mechanisms against glutamate excitotoxicity (transporter systems) but may also...
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and polibrominated fl ame retardants (BFRs) are environmentally occurring toxins that exhibit a broad range of adverse biological effects including neurotoxicity. Due to their stability and lipophilic character, they persist in the environment and accumulate in brain of animals and humans contributing to induction of neurological disorders. The mechanisms by...
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