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Pre-commercial thinning, whereby tree densities are reduced to diminish competition and maximize tree growth, is one of the most frequently used silvicultural practices in North America. We carried out field surveys in western Newfoundland and in eastern Nova Scotia, Canada, in pre-commercially thinned and unthinned stands of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) that had been defoliated by the balsam...
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