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Films of conducting polymers in the presence of electrolytes can be oxidized or reduced by the flow of anodic or cathodic currents. Ions and solvent are exchanged during a reaction for charge and osmotic pressure balance. A reactive conducting polymer contains ions and solvent. Such variation of composition during a reaction is reminiscent of the biological processes in cells. Along changes to the...
In this paper, we characterize polypyrrole–DBS–ClO 4 /tape bilayers with prevalent interchange of cations, while acting as macroscopic bending artificial muscles in aqueous solution. The electrochemical origin of their movement is described by linear equations deduced from the driving Faraday's laws. We demonstrate that the engineering parameters for macroscopic bending movement rates, the...
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