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The relevant anatomy is discussed in other sections pertaining to the various organs in which cancers originate. Specimens may be classified into one of three groups (Figure 34.1): Anterior Pelvic Exenterations: bladder, lower ureters, reproductive organs, draining lymph nodes and pelvic peritoneum.
The kidneys are situated in the retroperitoneum and lie between the upper border of the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. Each kidney has a convex lateral border and a concave medial border which merge at the poles (superior and inferior portions). Surrounding each organ is the fibrous renal capsule, which is loosely adherent to it. Adipose tissue (peri-renal fat) encases the capsule and...
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