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For NiMn2O4 systems, the mixed valence of manganese on B-sites arises from the displacement of bivalent cations, such as Ni2+, from A-sites to B-sites which results in a corresponding proportion of Mn3+ cations on B-sites disproportionate to Mn2+ and Mn4+, and the Mn2+ cations move to the A-sites to compensate Ni2+ vacancies. With the assistance of random crystal field fluctuations and the mixed valence...
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