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Removal efficiency of organic contaminants and reduction of toxicity (Microtox) in the secondary petroleum refinery and pulp mill effluents using two freezing processes, unidirectional downward freezing (UDF) and the spray freezing, was evaluated in this experimental study. The effect of the freezing temperature, initial feed water impurity concentration, mixing of the freezing liquid and the duration...
The spray freezing process, a natural freezing technology, was used to treat pulp mill effluent and oil sands tailings pond water. The wastewaters froze partially or completely (i.e. with or without runoff generation) during the spraying operation. Greater than 60% impurity reduction in the spray ice was obtained when 30% of the total volume of the sprayed water was released as runoff. Organic and...
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