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Simulations of the statistical distribution of direct solar irradiance in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) crown were used to evaluate the effect of a penumbra (a partial shading of the solar disc) on the rate of photosynthesis. Three different situations were considered: the rate of photosynthesis was estimated at points on needles subjected to (a) shading from the same shoot, (b) shading from...
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