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A multilayer control structure and PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) algorithm are used for coordinated ramp control on freeways. The macroscopic model to describe the evolution of freeway traffic flow is built and the PSO algorithm is formulated. The control system is vertically decomposed into three layers: The adaptation layer to specify the values of disturbances and to adjust the parameters of...
In order to overcome the drawback of the standard PSO, such as being subject to falling into local optimization, an improved PSO algorithm based on three sub-swarms exchange is proposed. Firstly the method divides the whole swarm into three sub-swarms which evolve jointly according to three different models, that is, one evolves with the standard PSO model, and the second with social only model and...
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