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Directional relaying is one of the most important features of protective relays in situations where the fault current direction is not fixed. Most transmission lines, meshed distribution networks, and modern smart grids, including dispersed generation (DG) units, are examples of these situations. Conventional directional relaying schemes have some shortcomings and cannot be used in all practical cases...
Construction of sub-transmission substations in congested urban areas with dense population distribution has always been a challenging problem, thus reduction of substation footprint is a demanding need that has been considered in many countries. For responding this need, so far various techniques such as Hybrid solutions, Gas Insulated Switchgear and innovative Air Insulated Switchgear such as disconnecting...
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