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In most applications of vertical-cavity surface-emitting diode lasers (VCSELs), their stable and efficient single-mode operation is required. In standard VCSEL designs, single-longitudinal-mode operation is assured because of their short optical cavities. There is, however, a real problem, how to reach single damental-transverse-mode (SFM) operation, especially in modern intra-cavity contacted VCSELs...
In the present paper, an impact of localization of an oxide aperture within a vertical-cavity surface-emitting diode laser (VCSEL) on its threshold operation is analyzed. As expected, a shift of the aperture from the anti-node position of the standing optical wave within a VCSEL cavity to the node position is followed by a drastic change of the wave guiding mechanism from the index guiding to the...
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