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In order to perform a phylogenetic analysis of Nosema spp. spores, samples of 10 worker bees each were collected from 30 infected colonies (the presence of spores was confirmed by light microscopy) kept in 15 apiaries in north-eastern Poland. Both N. apis and N. ceranae are common in this region (mixed infection N. apis/ N. ceranae – 60%, N. ceranae – 37%, N. apis – 3%). The DNA samples of N. apis...
The honeybee developed through evolution efficient inborn and acquired immune mechanisms which allow it to function in the enviromment. In the inborn immunity phagocytosis is classified to the oldest defensive mechanisms which relies on catching and destruction of the pathogens by the plastmocytes and granulocytes in the hemolymph and lysozymes – the most important components of the natural humoral...
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