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The interfacial reactions in Cu/Sn-9Zn/Ni micro solder joints during reflow under temperature gradient was investigated in this study. And corresponding isothermal reflow of the micro solder joints as a reference experiment was also conducted. The results indicate that the Cu atoms can migrate to the opposite Ni side even against the temperature gradient while the Ni atoms can only migrate to the...
In this paper, we consider a two-way relaying scenario and analyze the outage performance of an amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying protocol with imperfect channel state information (CSI) feedback. For both variable-gain and fixed-gain relaying methods, the effective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) has been derived and closed-form expressions of the outage probability with channel estimation errors have...
This paper presents a signal processing method that uses digital pulse as an intermediate signal for delta-sigma analog-to-digital conversion. Unlike conventional analog signal processing that directly uses voltage variables in amplifier-based or transconductor-based filters, the method proposed in this work converts voltage variables into digital pulse and allows the charge-pump to be implemented...
This paper is devoted to an in-depth study of Chua's Bernoulli-shift rules 11, 14, 43 and 142 from the viewpoint of symbolic dynamics. It is shown that each of these four rules identifies two chaotic dynamical subsystems and presents very rich and complicated dynamical properties. In particular, they are topologically mixing and possess the positive topological entropies on their two subsystems. Therefore,...
This paper presents the design of the thyristor valve for the 750 MW Sino-Russia Back-to-Back HVDC scheme. The thyristor valves are based on AREVA's H400 series valve design and make use of Eupec 8.5 kV 5" electrically-triggered thyristor technology. Details of the valve configuration, the cooling circuit, as well as the protective strategy are presented. Detailed electrical ratings such as the...
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