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Palladium oxidation was studied by ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in the mbar pressure range on the Pd(111) and Pd(110) surfaces. The oxidation kinetics on both surfaces show an induction period when the oxidation rate was low at the beginning and then accelerated. The slow initial oxidation is governed by (a) the rate of nucleus formation, and (b) the rate of oxide nucleus growth...
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