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Biofilms, surface‐attached communities of bacterial cells, are a concern in health and in industrial operations because of persistent infections, clogging of flows, and surface fouling. Extracellular matrices provide mechanical protection to biofilm‐dwelling cells as well as protection from chemical insults, including antibiotics. Understanding how biofilm material properties arise from constituent...
Internal photocurrent quantum yields near 100% can be obtained from the separation of loosely bound geminate pairs when sufficiently large electric fields are applied to organic heterojunctions. The fields needed for complete electron–hole dissociation decrease to those prevailing in organic solar cells under operating conditions when well‐conjugated polymers are employed.
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