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RuL 32+ (L=2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-diphosphonic acid) thin solid films were fabricated by three-dimensional linking between the phosphonic acid substituents of L and Zr(O)Cl2. The RuL3 chromophores in the films are electronically independent of each other in the ground state and give emission spectra essentially identical to that of RuL 32+ in solution, although the emission lifetime is much shorter...
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