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A sudden increase in the dynamic pressure of solar wind generates a prominent and transient change in ground-based magnetometer records worldwide, which is called a sudden commencement (SC). The magnetic field variation due to an SC at high latitudes shows a bipolar change, which consists of a preliminary impulse (PI) and main impulse (MI). The largest recorded SC had an amplitude of more than 200...
The heliospheric structure ranging from the solar surface to the earth’s orbit is self-consistently reproduced from a time-stationary three-dimensional (3D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation. The simulation model incorporates gravity, Coriolis, and centrifugal forces into the momentum equation, and coronal heating and field-aligned thermal conduction into the energy equation. The heating term in...
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