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In this research, shells of Cyrtopleura costata, commonly known as angel wing, were used to prepare sulfated calcined angel wing shell (CAWS) catalysts by a simple, low-cost method. The produced CAWS-SO4 catalyst was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), temperature programmed desorption of CO2 and NH3 (CO2-TPD and NH3-TPD), BET surface...
An environmentally benign process for the production of methyl ester using γ-alumina supported heterogeneous base catalyst in sub- and supercritical methanol has been developed. The production of methyl ester in refluxed methanol conventionally utilized double promoted γ-alumina heterogeneous base catalyst (CaO/KI/γ-alumina); however, this process requires a large amount of catalyst and a long reaction...
Heterogeneously catalyzed syntheses of two promising biofuels (i. e. biodiesel and bioETBE) by microwave irradiation was investigated. Results showed a significant increase in the yield of biodiesel even at short time less than 1 min. The attained bulk temperatures were below 60°C. In case of ETBE synthesis, at a microwave power of 350W, and irradiation time of 1 min, the mixture reached solvothermal...
This study demonstrated the potential use of local palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) as alternative feedstock for fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) production and the possibility to replace the conventional acid-catalyzed esterification process (with H 2 SO 4 ), which was industrially proven to suffer by several corrosion and environmental problems, with non-catalytic process in supercritical...
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