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Optical modulators with a hybrid configuration of silica-PLCs and LiNbO3 phase modulators are promising for advanced multilevel modulation formats. Modulators for OFDM-QPSK, 64QAM, and a selectable format have been demonstrated.
We demonstrate 160-Gb/s PDM 16-QAM single channel transmission over the longest distance yet to be reported, of 3123.9 km. The coherent receiver employs a frequency offset compensator based on a digital PLL.
We demonstrate the record total capacity of 69.1 Tb/s with a spectral efficiency of 6.4 b/s/Hz by employing 21.4-Gbaud 16-QAM modulation, blind digital coherent detection, and 10.8-THz ultra-wideband amplification in the C- and extended L-bands.
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is a promising approach for increasing the spectral efficiency of wavelength-division-multiplexing transmission, but its optical implementation is challenging. We demonstrate a 64-level QAM (64QAM) modulator, which uses a signal synthesis in the optical domain. We achieved an integration of low-loss asymmetric couplers and three quadrature-phase-shift-keying modulation...
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