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Biological barriers including stratum corneum and cell membranes pose a difficulty in transdermal and intracellular delivery of fluorescent probes, biological molecules, genes, etc. Various approaches have been or are being developed for tackling the problem. The current state of applying advanced materials and nanotechnology for drug delivery, crossing biological barriers, is reviewed by X. Chen...
Many biological barriers are of great importance. For example, stratum corneum, the outmost layer of skin, effectively protects people from being invaded by external microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. Cell membranes help organisms maintain homeostasis by controlling substances to enter and leave cells. However, on the other hand, these biological barriers seriously restrict drug delivery...
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