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The last few years have seen what may be looked back on as the dawn of a new era in cancer therapy. Biological agents (those which target specific molecular abnormalities in cancer cells) as opposed to the more conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy or hormone therapy, have at last begun to show the first signs of benefits in randomized clinical trials. So far the size of the benefit has, on the...
Hormonal therapy is important in the management of breast (Figure 1) and prostate cancer. It is based on the fact that some cancers express receptors for sex hormones (oestradiol or testosterone) and that their growth is partly dependent on hormonal stimulation. The aim of hormonal treatment is to withdraw the growth stimulus either by reducing hormone production or by blocking receptor-ligand binding.
Before a new treatment can be widely used on patients, it must be proven to be safe and effective. Clinical trials are a means of conducting experiments on humans to yield reliable results. For this reason, they are in the best interests of patients, clinicians, pharmaceutical companies and society as a whole. Evidence suggests that patients treated in a trial do better than similar patients treated...
Assessment of renal function is usually considered to involve some measure of glomerular filtration; this contribution focuses on the methods by which glomerular filtration may be assessed with particular emphasis on those used in clinical practice. Such measures are of importance not only in helping to detect and monitor renal disease, but also in calculating dose adjustments in prescribing. However,...
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