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A new index, the cumulative difference of sunspot activity in the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively, is proposed to describe the long-term behavior of the North – South asymmetry of sunspot activity and to show the balance (or bias) of sunspot activity in the two solar hemispheres on a long-term scale. Sunspot groups and sunspot areas from June 1874 to January 2007 are used to show the...
Sunspot activity is usually described by either sunspot numbers or sunspot areas. The smoothed monthly mean sunspot numbers (SNs) and the smoothed monthly mean areas (SAs) in the time interval from November 1874 to September 2007 are used to analyze their phase synchronization. Both the linear method (fast Fourier transform) and some nonlinear approaches (continuous wavelet transform, cross-wavelet...
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