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Failure of natural regeneration of conifers, such as subalpine spruce (Picea abies) and black spruce (Picea mariana), has been reported in the presence of dominant ericaceous understory plants of boreal forests of North America, Fino-Scandinavia, and northern Europe. Among other factors such as competition for light and nutrients, conifer regeneration failure has been attributed to allelopathic effects...
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