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The effect of lightning-induced electromagnetic (EM) waves on electron density (Ne) of the lower ionosphere is calculated by using the four-component Glukhov–Pasko–Inan (GPI) model which is modified by including two-body attachment reactions and associative detachment with negative ions of active species (namely, O and N atoms). As a result of the calculations, it is seen that three-body attachment...
The relationship between stratospheric QBO and the difference (∆NmF2) between NmF2 calculated with IRI-2012 and measured from ionosondes at the Singapore and Ascension stations in the equatorial region was statistically investigated. As statistical analysis, the regression analysis was used on variables. As a result, the relationship between QBO and ∆NmF2 was higher for 24:00 LT (local time) than...
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